Materials presented in this book are suitable for students who pursue in the field of construction, either at higher secondary or tertiary educations. The contents of this book are also useful for those who are interested in or already embarked in the construction industry. It is hoped that the materials elaborated in this book will assist students as well as the public to understand the structure in civil engineering better, and thus enhance their knowledge in construction industry.

         Contruction is one of the subjects learned in the field of Civil Engineering. Malaysia has to produce more experts in this field to keep in track with the growth of construction industry in this decade. These local expertises are expected to play their roles in developing this industry in order to ensure our construction industry will be at par with those the best in the world. Thus, the knowledge on construction is important for students to acquire.